Multi-band hybrid SOA-RAMAN amplifier for CWDM

ABSTRACT

A multi-band hybrid amplifier is disclosed for use in optical fiber systems. The amplifier uses Raman laser pumps and semiconductor optical amplifiers in series to produce a relatively level gain across the frequency range of interest. Multiple Raman pumps are multiplexed before coupling into the fiber. The Raman amplified optical signal may be demultiplexed and separately amplified by the SOAs before re-multiplexing. Gain profiles of the Raman pumps and the SOAs are selected to compensate for gain tilt and to alleviate the power penalty due to cross-gain modulation in the SOAs. The disclosed hybrid amplifier is especially useful in coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) systems.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application claims priority to, and incorporates by referenceherein in its entirety, pending U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/543,650, filed Oct. 5, 2006, entitled “Multi-Band Hybrid SOA-RamanAmplifier for CWDM,”, which is a divisional of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/260,449, filed Oct. 27, 2005, entitled “Multi-Band HybridSOA-Raman Amplifier for CWDM,” which claims priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 60/693,158, filed Jun. 23, 2005, andentitled “Multi-Band Hybrid SOA-Raman Amplifier for CWDM.”

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to transporting multiplewavelength channels on a single optical fiber over moderate distancesand, more particularly, to a multiband hybrid amplifier for use incoarse wavelength division multplexing transmission systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) has recently emerged asan inexpensive technology for transporting multiple wavelength channelson a single optical fiber over moderate distances. CWDM's low costrelative to dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is attributedto the fact that the CWDM spectrum is orders of magnitude sparser than atypical DWDM spectrum. The ITU standard for CWDM defines a maximum of 18wavelength channels with a channel-to-channel wavelength separation of20 nm. That large channel spacing permits a 13-nm channel bandwidth,which in turn makes possible the use of inexpensive CWDM optics anddirectly modulated, un-cooled semiconductor laser transmitters. Incontrast, DWDM systems, with typical channel spacings of 0.8 or 0.4 nm,require tightly specified and controlled laser transmitters, since thelaser wavelength must fall within a small fraction of a nanometer overthe entire life of the laser (typically ±0.1 nm for a system with 0.8-nmchannel spacing). Their relatively small channel counts make CWDMsystems the natural choice for transporting wavelengths at the edge ofthe network, where traffic is not highly aggregated as it is in thenetwork core.

CWDM is considered an un-amplified technology since the large wavelengthspread occupied by all channels in a typical commercial CWDM system (73nm for a 4-channel system, 153 nm for an 8-channel system) cannot beaccommodated by readily available low cost optical amplifiers. Forexample, inexpensive erbium-doped fiber amplifiers have an opticalbandwidth of only about 30 nm. Being an un-amplified technology limitsthe reach of most commercial CWDM systems to approximately 80 km. Thatconstraint could be overcome with the invention of a low-cost, broadbandoptical amplifier.

Although, in practice, semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) arecapable of amplifying as many as 4 CWDM channels per SOA, the trade-offbetween maintaining sufficient optical signal-to-noise ration (OSNR) andreducing gain saturation induced crosstalk reduces the dynamic range ofpure SOA solutions while rendering them inadequate for systems withcascaded amplifiers.

Raman amplifiers have been tried in this Application. A Raman amplifieris based on the nonlinear optical interaction between the optical signaland a high power pump laser. The gain medium may be the existing opticalfiber or may be a custom highly non-linear fiber. A recently disclosedall-Raman amplifier covering the commercially-standard 8 CWDM channelwavelengths exhibited approximately 10 dB lower gain yet required 7Raman pumps with widely varying pump powers, a total launched power over1100 mW, and a custom highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) gain medium.

Several fiber network providers are currently either evaluating ordeploying CWDM systems to reduce costs. All those who deploy CWDM willhave situations that require extending reach. With present technology,their only solution will be to install an expensive regenerator toperform the following steps: 1) optically demultiplex the CWDM channels;2) convert each optical channel to analog electrical signals; 3) amplifythe analog electrical signals; 4) recover the system clock; 5) use adecision circuit to regenerate a re-timed digital electrical data streamfrom the analog data and the recovered system clock; 6) use thiselectrical data to drive a CWDM laser transmitter for each channel; and7) multiplex the various CWDM wavelengths onto the common transmissionfiber. All of those (steps 1-7) could be replaced by a single low-costoptical amplifier.

There remains a need for a cost-effective amplifier that is useful withcommercially-available CWDM systems, while minimizing theabove-described disadvantages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention addresses the needs described above by providing amethod and system for amplifying an optical signal. In one embodiment ofthe invention, a data transport system is provided. The system includesan optical fiber cable, at least one coarse wavelength divisionmultiplexer (CWDM) for transmitting an optical signal on the fiberwithin plurality of signal channels, at least one Raman pump having apumping frequency outside any signal channel, coupled to the fiber toamplify the signal, and at least one semiconductor optical amplifier(SOA) having a gain over at least one of the signal channels, connectedto the fiber to amplify the signal.

A gain of the at least one Raman pump may increase as a function offrequency within the frequency range, and the gain of the at least oneSOA may decrease within the frequency range. The sum of those gains maybe more constant over the frequency range than the individual gains.

The at least one Raman pump may comprise a plurality of Raman pumps,outputs of which are multiplexed by a pump multiplexer. The output ofthe pump multiplexer may be coupled onto the optical fiber cable via anoptical circulator.

Another embodiment of the invention is a hybrid optical amplifier foramplifying an optical signal. The optical signal is transmitted on anoptical fiber and has a frequency range. The amplifier includes at leastone Raman pump coupled to the fiber, having a gain within the frequencyrange and creating a Raman amplified signal. The hybrid amplifierfurther includes a band demultiplexer for splitting the Raman amplifiedsignal propagating in the fiber into a plurality of band signals havingband frequency ranges, at least one semiconductor optical amplifier(SOA), each said SOA connected for amplifying a band signal of theplurality of band signals, and having a gain within the band frequencyrange of the band signal, and a band multiplexer for recombining theband signals after amplification.

In that embodiment of the hybrid amplifier, the at least one Raman pumpmay comprise three Raman pumps, outputs of which are multiplexed by apump multiplexer. An output of the pump multiplexer may be coupled ontothe optical fiber cable via an optical circulator.

The optical signal may comprise a plurality of frequency bands, in whichcase a summed gain of the Raman pumps increases monotonically acrosseach frequency band.

The optical signal may include at least two frequency channels having anull frequency range between the channels, and at least one of the Ramanpumps in that case may include a pump laser having a frequency withinthe null frequency range.

The Raman pumps may include a first pump laser having emissionwavelength 1365 nm and optical power coupled into the Raman gain medium200 mW, a second pump having emission wavelength 1430 nm and opticalpower coupled into the Raman gain medium 250 mW, and a third pump havingemission wavelength 1500 nm and optical power coupled into the Ramangain medium 150 mW.

The at least one SOA may comprise a plurality of SOAs, one connected foramplifying each band signal. The optical signal may comprise at leasttwo frequency bands, wherein the at least one SOA comprises a single SOAamplifying a first of said frequency bands, and a second of saidfrequency bands is not amplified by an SOA. The optical signal maycomprise an 8-channel spectrum, and wherein the band demultiplexer maysplit the spectrum into two 4-channel bands.

Yet another embodiment of the invention is a method for amplifying aCWDM optical signal having at least first and second frequency bands.The method includes the steps of amplifying the CWDM optical signalusing at least one Raman pump coupled to the optical fiber cable,splitting the amplified CWDM optical signal into the at least twofrequency bands, further amplifying at least one of the frequency bandsusing a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), and recombining the atleast two frequency bands.

The at least one Raman pump may comprise a plurality of pump lasers,each having a different wavelength. The bands of the CWDM optical signalmay comprise channels having null frequency ranges between them, inwhich case a wavelength of at least one of the plurality of pump lasersmay be within the null frequency.

A net gain of the Raman amplifying step and the SOA amplifying step maybe flat over the CWDM frequency range to within 5 dB. The CWDM opticalsignal may comprise an 8-channel spectrum split into two 4-channelbands, and each band may be separately amplified by an SOA. A wavelengthspread occupied by the CWDM optical signal may be approximately 153 nm.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a prior art hybrid amplifier.

FIG. 2 is a gain versus wavelength plot representing several componentsof the amplifier of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a hybrid amplifier according toone embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a gain versus wavelength plot representing several componentsof the amplifier of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a hybrid amplifier according toanother embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a gain versus wavelength plot representing several componentsof the amplifier of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing a method according to one embodiment ofthe invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The presently-described invention is a multi-band hybrid SOA-Ramanamplifier capable of amplifying all 8 CWDM channels typically used intoday's commercial systems. As described herein, the unique design ofthis amplifier not only facilitates simultaneous amplification of the8-channel band, but makes possible relatively long distance transmissionvia a multi-amplifier cascade.

The Hybrid Amplifier

The inventors recently measured gain and transmission system bit-errorrate performance for a broadband (4 channels from 1510 nm to 1570 nm)hybrid amplifier based on a single SOA and a single Raman pump laser.That amplifier 100, which has been previously demonstrated for DWDMsystems, is shown schematically in FIG. 1. A backward propagatingsemiconductor Raman pump laser 120 is coupled to the transmission fiber110 with a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) coupler 130, followedby a conventional polarization independent SOA 140 and an opticalisolator 150.

The Raman pump wavelength is chosen to compliment the SOA such that thecombined gain of the hybrid amplifier is both increased and flattened ascompared to the SOA alone. A plot 200 of measured gains of thecomponents of the hybrid amplifier of FIG. 1 is presented in FIG. 2.Specifically, that figure shows the measured gain spectra 230 of the SOAalone (triangles), Raman amplifier 220 alone (diamonds), and the hybridamplifier 250 (squares). In this case, the Raman pump laser operated at1480-nm wavelength with 300-mW coupled into the transmission fiber, andthe SOA gain peak was approximately 1510-nm wavelength. The transmissionfiber, which is necessary to provide Raman gain, was 60 km of standardreduced water peak fiber (OFS AllWave® fiber). Similar performance isexpected for other common transmission fiber types including standardsingle-mode fiber.

As shown by the curves of FIG. 2, the SOA gain 230 decreasesmonotonically from short wavelength to long wavelength within the 4channel CWDM band 210. The Raman gain 220 has the opposite trend,increasing with increasing wavelength. Aside from the obvious gainenhancement and gain-tilt compensation, this amplifier arrangement hasanother more subtle advantage: this design alleviates the power penaltydue to cross-gain modulation (saturation) in the SOA. The pre-emphasisof the long-wavelength channels by the Raman gain permits positioning ofthe 4 channel band 210 to the long-wavelength side of the SOA gain peak,where cross-gain modulation is reduced. Those three attributes make thisamplifier far more promising as a candidate for multi-amplifiercascades. The increase in gain and gain flatness helps preserve opticalsignal-to-noise ratio over a multi-amplifier cascade, and the resistanceto cross-gain modulation prevents signal degradation due to crosstalk.Naturally, with the proper choice of Raman pump wavelength and SOA gainpeak, that same arrangement could be implemented to cover any contiguous4 channel band within the 18-channel CWDM spectrum; however, higher pumppower would be required at shorter wavelengths due to increased fiberloss.

The Hybrid Multi-Band Amplifier

Although the optical bandwidths of the SOA and Raman gain are naturallywell suited to a 4-channel hybrid amplifier design, most commercial CWDMsystems employ 8 CWDM channels from 1470 nm to 1610 nm. The inventorshave developed novel two-band variations of the hybrid SOA-Ramanamplifier capable of amplifying the entire commonly used 8 channel band.FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a hybrid two-band amplifier 300.Multiple pumps 320, 322, 324, shown in the drawing as P₁, P₂ and P₃, aremultiplexed together in a pump multiplexer 326 and coupled onto thetransmission fiber 310 via an optical circulator 330. The Ramanamplified 8-channel spectrum is split into two 4-channel bands in theband demultiplexer 340, and each band is separately amplified by SOAs(B₁) 342 and (B₂) 344. The SOAs 342, 344 are followed by opticalisolators 350, 352, and the amplified bands are recombined in bandmultiplexer 355.

Although the hybrid amplifier 300 of FIG. 3 is shown with three Ramanpumps 320, 322, 324, the number of pumps, pump wavelengths and pumppowers may vary depending on the desired peak gain and gain shape. Oneexemplary configuration having three Raman pumps is represented in theplot 400 of FIG. 4. The curve 420 (diamonds) shows the calculated on-offRaman gain for three pumps 320, 322, 324 with wavelengths 1365 nm, 1430nm, and 1500 nm, and having pump powers of 200 mW, 250 mW, and 150 mW,respectively. The moderate net resulting Raman gain 420, monotonicallyincreasing across each of the two 4 channel bands, serves the samepurpose as the Raman gain in the previously described single-bandamplifier: it improves gain, improves optical signal-to-noise ratio(OSNR) and decreases gain tilt across each 4-channel band, whileallowing operation in the low-crosstalk region of the SOA spectra. The1500-nm pump, although falling within the overall 8-channel band, issituated at the null between the 1490-nm and 1510-nm channels and thusshould not result in excessive Rayleigh backscattered pump lightimpinging on the channel receivers.

Typical SOA gains for SOAs (B₁) 430 (triangles) and (B₂) 432 (circles),respectively, are then added to the Raman gain resulting in the overallcalculated net gain 450 of the hybrid two-band amplifier (squares). Thenet gain is relatively flat over the 8-channel band, with a peak gain of21.2 dB at 1530 nm and a minimum gain of 17.7 dB at 1610 nm. The factthat Raman gain for a single pump wavelength naturally increases withincreasing signal wavelength, results in a simpler and less costly Ramanimplementation for this 2-band hybrid amplifier as compared to anall-Raman design.

FIG. 5 shows a variation 500 of the two-band hybrid SOA-Raman amplifierwhich uses only one SOA 542 rather than two. The SOA 542 is followed byan optical isolator 550 and is between demultiplexer 540 and multiplexer555, as in the example of FIG. 3. Signals 544 within one of the bands donot pass through an SOA. That simpler design comes at the expense ofincreased Raman pump powers. Three backward propagating pump lasers, P₁(520) at 1365 nm, P₂ (522) at 1455 nm and P₃ (524) at 1500 nm, haveoutput powers of 300 mW, 320 mW, and 220 mW, respectively.

Although only one SOA 542 is used, the proposed amplifier 500 stillemploys a dmux-mux pair 540, 555 to split (combine) the 8-channel bandbefore (after) SOA B₁. That conservative design may not be necessary ifSOA B₁ exhibits sufficiently low excess loss and polarization dependantloss (PDL) over the long wavelength half of the spectrum (in which case,the dmux and mux 540, 555 can be omitted).

The calculated gain for this amplifier configuration is shown in FIG. 6.Diamonds again represent the calculated Raman gain 620. In this case,rather than a Raman gain spectrum that increases over each of the two4-channel sub-bands, the Raman gain increases over the short wavelength4 channel band (1470 nm, 1490 nm, 1510 nm, and 1530 nm), but remainsrelatively flat over the long wavelength 4-channel band (1550 nm, 1570nm, 1590 nm, and 1610 nm). Thus, the Raman process provides all of theamplification for the long-wavelength sub-band, while the net shortwavelength gain 650 (squares) is due to both Raman gain and the gain 630from SOA B₁ (triangles).

For these particular Raman pump powers and SOA gain shape, this designexhibits slightly higher gain variation than the previous two-SOAdesign. The calculated net gain varies between a minimum of 17.4 dB anda maximum of 21.9 dB.

A Method According to the Invention

The invention described herein further contemplates a method 700, shownin FIG. 7, for amplifying a CWDM optical signal having at least firstand second frequency bands. The wavelength spread occupied by the CWDMoptical signal may be approximately 153 nm, the spread of manycommercially-available CWDM systems. The CWDM optical signal maycomprise an 8-channel spectrum split into two 4-channel bands.

The CWDM optical signal is amplified (step 710) using at least one Ramanpump coupled to the optical fiber cable. The at least one Raman pump maybe a plurality of pump lasers, each having a different wavelength. Thebands of the CWDM optical signal may comprise channels having nullfrequency ranges between them, in which case a wavelength of at leastone of the plurality of pump lasers may be within that null frequency,to prevent excessive Rayleigh backscattered pump light impinging on thechannel receivers.

The amplified CWDM optical signal is then split (step 720) intofrequency bands. At least one of the split frequency bands is furtheramplified (step 730) using a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). In apreferred embodiment, the net gain of the Raman amplifying step and theSOA amplifying step is flat over the CWDM frequency range to within 5dB. Each band of the CWDM signal may be separately amplified by an SOA.The bands are then recombined (step 740).

Summary

The inventors have proposed several new multi-band hybrid SOA-Ramanamplifier designs for CWDM transmission systems. Both implementationsare capable of simultaneously amplifying 8 CWDM channels from 1470-1610nm. Calculations made by the inventors suggest that those cost effectivedesigns will outperform both all-SOA and all-Raman amplifiers in termsof peak gain, gain shape and crosstalk tolerance, and are therefore wellsuited to applications that require cascaded amplifiers. Furthermore,the maximum individual pump powers required for each of the two designs(250 mW and 300 mW, respectively) are readily available from commercialsemiconductor pump lasers.

The foregoing Detailed Description is to be understood as being in everyrespect illustrative and exemplary, but not restrictive, and the scopeof the invention disclosed herein is not to be determined from theDetailed Description, but rather from the claims as interpretedaccording to the full breadth permitted by the patent laws. For example,while the method of the invention is described herein with respect tooptical transmission using CWDM, the method and apparatus of theinvention may be used with other optical multiplexing schemes wherein arelatively wide wavelength band width is occupied by the signal. It isto be understood that the embodiments shown and described herein areonly illustrative of the principles of the present invention and thatvarious modifications may be implemented by those skilled in the artwithout departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

1. A method for transmitting an optical data signal, the methodcomprising the steps of: multiplexing the data signal within a pluralityof signal channels in a wavelength range using coarse wavelengthdivision multiplexing (CWDM) to create a CWDM optical signal; amplifyingthe CWDM optical signal using at least one Raman pump to create a Ramanamplified signal; further amplifying the Raman amplified signal using asemiconductor optical amplifier (SOA).
 2. The method of claim 1, whereineach of the at least one Raman pumps has a pumping wavelength outsideany of the signal channels.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a gain ofthe at least one Raman pump increases monotonically within each of saidsignal channels.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein a gain of the SOAdecreases monotonically within the wavelength range.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein a net gain of the SOA and the Raman pump within eachsignal channel is flatter than either one of a gain of the SOA and again of the Raman pump within the signal channel.
 6. The method of claim1, wherein the step of amplifying the CWDM optical signal using at leastone Raman pump to create a Raman amplified signal, further comprises:multiplexing pump lasers of a plurality of Raman pumps, each having adifferent wavelength.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a net gain ofthe Raman amplifying step and the SOA amplifying step is flat within thewavelength range to within 5 dB.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein theCWDM optical signal comprises an 8-channel spectrum split into two4-channel bands.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein a wavelength spreadoccupied by the CWDM optical signal is approximately 153 nm.
 10. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the net gain over the two 4-channel bands isbetween 17.7 dB and 21.2 dB.
 11. A method for transmitting an opticaldata signal, the method comprising the steps of: multiplexing the datasignal within a plurality of signal channels in a wavelength range usingcoarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) to create a CWDM opticalsignal, the signal channels being separated by null frequency ranges;amplifying the CWDM optical signal using a plurality of Raman pumps tocreate a Raman amplified signal, the Raman pumps having pumpingwavelengths outside any of the signal channels, at least one of theRaman pumps having a pumping frequency in a null frequency range;further amplifying the Raman amplified signal using a semiconductoroptical amplifier (SOA).
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein a gain ofthe SOA decreases monotonically within the wavelength range.
 13. Themethod of claim 11, wherein a net gain of the SOA and the Raman pumpwithin each signal channel is flatter than either one of a gain of theSOA and a gain of the Raman pump within the signal channel.
 14. Themethod of claim 11, wherein the step of amplifying the CWDM opticalsignal using a plurality of Raman pumps to create a Raman amplifiedsignal, further comprises: multiplexing pump lasers of the plurality ofRaman pumps, each having a different wavelength.
 15. The method of claim11, wherein a net gain of the Raman amplifying step and the SOAamplifying step is flat within the wavelength range to within 5 dB. 16.The method of claim 11, wherein the CWDM optical signal comprises an8-channel spectrum split into two 4-channel bands.
 17. The method ofclaim 16, wherein a summed gain of the plurality of Raman pumpsincreases monotonically within each of said 4-channel bands.
 18. Themethod of claim 16, wherein a wavelength spread occupied by the CWDMoptical signal is approximately 153 nm.
 19. The method of claim 16,wherein the net gain over the two 4-channel bands is between 17.7 dB and21.2 dB.